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This observational study looks at how malnutrition in pregnancy and poor water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) living conditions relate to environmental enteric dysfunction and the gut microbiome in early life. Pregnant women aged 18 and older with a low mid-upper arm measurement in pregnancy, along with a normally nourished comparison group, may take part. The study does not use a clinical phase and is currently recruiting participants.
The summary above is a plain-language rendering of the official record. The original English title is shown for reference.
Criteria are reproduced from the ClinicalTrials.gov record in the original English. Only the trial team can determine eligibility.
Inclusion Criteria for Cases: * MUAC ≤23 cm in pregnancy * ≥18 years' old * At least 20 weeks' gestational age * Height ≥150 cm * Planning to be staying in the study area for the next 3 years * Willing to participate and comply with all study requirements and procedures. Any pregnant woman meeting the above eligible criteria regardless of HIV status who meet the above inclusion criteria will be invited to participate in the study Inclusion criteria for Controls * Age, HIV status, gestational age at enrolment, and area residence matched normo-nourished peers with MUAC ≥25 - ≤35 cm * Haemoglobin level of ≥11g/dL * ≥18 years' old * At least 20 weeks' gestational age * Height ≥150 cm * Planning to stay in the study area for the next 3 years Exclusion Criteria * Acute or chronic conditions in mothers interfering with the study according to the judgment of the investigator (HIV infection is not an exclusion criterion) * Presence of severe mental health disorders interfering with study procedures according to the judgment of the investigator.